System Total Labor and Related Expense per Equivalent Seat Mile (LCESM)
STAGE LENGTH ADJUSTED
Cents per Equivalent Seat Mile
		1995	1996	1997	1998	1999	2000	2001	2002	2003	2004	2005	2006	2007	2008	2009	2010	2011	2012	2013	2014	2015	2016	2017	2018	2019	2020
American		4.28	3.91	4.04	4.26	4.29	4.67	5.06	5.18	4.67	4.10	3.97	4.11	4.14	4.12	4.53	4.49	4.58	4.50	3.83	4.01	4.26	4.90	5.31	5.47	5.51	9.56
Continental		2.40	2.66	2.90	3.25	3.39	3.67	3.84	3.94	4.08	3.86	3.51	3.60	3.72	3.42	3.76	3.97	4.03	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
Delta		3.10	3.26	3.17	3.20	3.30	3.60	3.96	4.15	4.66	4.27	3.31	3.20	3.21	3.12	3.56	3.61	3.65	3.93	4.10	4.40	4.68	4.94	5.06	5.00	5.34	7.24
Northwest		3.48	3.28	3.24	3.70	3.53	3.61	4.10	4.14	4.26	4.04	3.99	3.17	2.99	3.16	3.66	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
United		3.73	3.88	4.15	4.16	4.26	4.61	5.27	5.56	4.56	4.03	3.45	3.62	3.67	3.81	3.77	4.22	4.33	4.64	5.03	5.14	5.44	5.62	5.83	5.84	5.97	11.20
US Airways		4.01	4.49	4.39	4.32	4.54	4.43	4.71	4.51	4.15	3.62	2.41	2.54	2.85	2.97	3.02	3.06	3.06	3.27	3.37	3.48	-	-	-	-	-	-
America West		1.87	1.75	1.78	1.89	2.00	2.15	2.35	2.32	2.47	2.32	2.40	2.64	2.72	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
--sub Network		3.54	3.57	3.63	3.77	3.83	4.08	4.51	4.63	4.40	3.98	3.50	3.37	3.41	3.51	3.80	3.90	3.96	4.20	4.22	4.42	4.78	5.14	5.39	5.41	5.61	9.30
Southwest		1.74	1.81	1.88	2.01	2.08	2.17	2.23	2.28	2.42	2.49	2.52	2.68	2.64	2.59	2.80	2.96	3.04	3.49	3.62	3.62	3.79	3.88	4.05	4.11	4.47	6.67
AirTran		-	-	1.39	1.70	1.66	1.91	1.99	1.96	1.91	1.92	1.83	1.79	1.78	1.77	1.85	1.94	2.06	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
jetBlue		-	-	-	-	-	2.45	2.20	2.37	2.39	2.22	2.22	2.27	2.28	2.30	2.50	2.67	2.62	2.64	2.68	2.91	3.18	3.25	3.44	3.55	3.84	6.79
Alaska		2.42	2.51	2.71	2.78	2.92	3.25	3.50	3.57	3.65	3.60	3.22	3.27	3.17	3.18	3.88	3.53	3.41	3.51	3.46	3.44	3.46	3.52	3.76	4.12	4.12	6.62
Virgin America		-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	3.40	2.00	1.74	1.92	1.92	1.92	2.06	2.60	2.50	2.78	3.03	-	-	-
Hawaiian		1.50	1.39	1.45	1.45	2.53	1.57	1.84	2.35	2.40	2.51	2.39	2.34	2.06	2.01	2.07	2.22	2.17	2.15	2.26	2.29	2.49	2.90	3.09	3.18	3.39	8.02
-- sub Hybrid		1.84	1.89	1.98	2.08	2.14	2.25	2.38	2.45	2.53	2.55	2.49	2.57	2.52	2.51	2.70	2.80	2.83	2.90	2.99	3.20	3.48	3.59	3.78	3.85	4.17	6.70
Allegiant		-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	1.48	1.55	1.33	1.47	1.55	1.56	1.64	1.74	1.66	1.88	2.07	2.12	2.35	2.67	2.63	2.54	2.56
Frontier		1.17	1.14	1.22	1.32	1.50	1.88	2.08	2.30	2.16	2.26	2.33	2.22	2.17	2.02	1.99	1.95	2.12	2.18	2.13	1.95	1.87	1.67	1.82	1.96	2.07	3.11
Spirit		1.62	1.66	1.80	2.03	1.96	2.04	2.13	2.16	2.38	2.28	2.50	2.40	1.65	1.63	1.65	1.75	1.73	1.70	1.69	1.74	1.63	1.69	1.66	1.89	1.94	3.13
-- sub ULCC		1.43	1.37	1.44	1.61	1.72	1.92	2.08	2.22	2.15	2.21	2.32	2.14	1.89	1.81	1.78	1.80	1.89	1.87	1.89	1.89	1.81	1.82	1.91	2.05	2.09	2.98
Base Length of Haul		837	867	884	906	923	931	951	964	1,001	1,034	1,056	1,030	1,041	1,111	1,122	1,149	1,163	1,178	1,187	1,191	1,178	1,165	1,162	1,147	1,152	1,123
Note:   Stage Length Adjustment formula:  ((observed length of haul/base length of haul [15 carrier average])^.5) times respective carrier unit cost.
Data Source:  US DOT Form 41 via BTS, Schedules P6 & T2.